FOUNDING DOCUMENTS
read the words that made a nation
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Philadelphia ยท 1776Benjamin Easburn and Georges-Louis Le Rouge ยท Library of Congress

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  1. Independence Hall ยท 1787
  2. Franklin Court ยท 1763
  3. Independence Hall ยท 1776
  4. Carpenters' Hall ยท 1774
  5. Congress Hall ยท 1790

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Three founding texts of the American republic, in their original words. Pick one, read it, and talk about what it means โ€” the choice, the virtue, your own life โ€” with your Civics Coach, who asks instead of tells.

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  • Union โ€” The Preamble to the Constitution Union
  • Justification โ€” The Declaration of Independence, Opening Justification
  • Consent โ€” The Declaration of Independence Consent
  • The Burden of Proof โ€” Why Change Governments Carefully The Burden of Proof
  • Consent of Law โ€” The Declaration's Charges on Governance Consent of Law
  • Ordinary Governance โ€” More Charges Against the King Ordinary Governance
  • Rule by Decree โ€” The Acts of "Pretended Legislation" Rule by Decree
  • Cost of Tyranny โ€” The Declaration's Charges on War Cost of Tyranny
  • Exhausted Remedy โ€” Petitioned and Ignored Exhausted Remedy
  • Exhausted Patience โ€” The Declaration's Appeal to Britain Exhausted Patience
  • The Break โ€” The Declaration's Final Paragraph The Break
  • Structural Design โ€” Federalist No. 51, Opening Structural Design
  • Independence of Departments โ€” Federalist No. 51 Independence of Departments
  • Ambition Countering Ambition โ€” Federalist No. 51 Ambition Countering Ambition
  • Checks & Balances โ€” Federalist No. 51 Checks & Balances
  • Checking Power With Power โ€” Federalist No. 51 Checking Power With Power
  • Testing the Design โ€” Federalist No. 51 Testing the Design
  • Guarding the Minority โ€” Federalist No. 51 Guarding the Minority
  • Multiplicity as Safeguard โ€” Federalist No. 51 Multiplicity as Safeguard
  • The Extended Republic โ€” Federalist No. 51, Closing The Extended Republic
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